irradians) and Yesso scallop ( Patinopecten yessoensis), were successfully introduced and applied in commercial scale production. 2016), and among them two species, bay scallop ( A. Nowadays, the bivalves cultured in China has rose from around 10 species to approximately 70 since the 1960s (Tang et al. Table 4.1 showed the annual production of cultured molluscs from 2006 to 2015. Until 2015, the cultured mollusc production is about 13.6 Mt., accounting for 72.4% of the total mariculture production (Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture 2016), and is about 4.4 times of that in 1995 (3.1 Mt), 48.9 times of that in 1975 (277,538 tonnes) The annual production of cultured bivalves in 2015 is around 12.4 Mt., accounting for about 91.2% of the total annual mollusc yield.
Since 1990, mariculture (main categories: molluscs (bivalves and gastropods), algae, crustaceans, fish and others) in China has experienced a stage with flourishing development (FAO 2014 Bureau of Fisheries, Ministry of Agriculture 2016). With the development of feeding eco-physiology, bivalve aquaculture industry gradually stepped into a new era in the fields of natural seed collection, seed breeding in hatchery, and variety of culture methods such as longline, sea ranching and pond culture. In the early 1980s, when the artificial breeding of scallops became mature and applicable in hatcheries (especially for the imported species bay scallop Argopecten irradians), together with the wild seed collection and improved longline culture technologies, scallop mariculture has greatly expanded. The farming area for mussels exceeded 2000 hectares and the annual production approached 60 kt in 1977, marking the rise of the Chinese shallow sea bivalve culture industry. In the 1970s, the mussel farming industry grew rapidly according to the persistent exploration of mussel hatchery and wild seed collection techniques. After the 1950s, Chinese government and scientists paid great efforts on artificial breeding and natural collection of clam seeds such as cockle Tegillarca granosa, razor clam Sinonovacula constricta, clams Ruditapes philippinarum and Cyclina sinensis. However, the bivalve seeding mainly comes from wild breeding in this period. In the following 20 years, mussel and kelp had joined the oysters to make up the most cultured species in China. The annual production of mariculture in China was about 10,000 t in 1950 and oyster was the major culture species then. The historical evidence of bivalve culture in China can be traced back to 2000 years ago, but the large-scale mariculture of bivalves was extensively practiced since the 1950s. In this paper, we will describe the process of the longline cultured bivalve (Pacific oyster Crassostrea gigas and thick shell mussel Mytilus coruscus), and the bottom cultured ones (Manila clam Ruditapes philippinarum and cockle clam Tegillarca granosa). The major culture methods in China are longline culture (major species oysters, scallops, mussels, etc.) and bottom culture (clams).
Due to the significant difference in climate, the distribution of bivalve species is obviously regional. The length of the coastline of China is about 18,000 km comprising 11 coastal provinces (Liaoning, Hebei, Tianjin, Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, Zhejiang, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi and Hainan provinces), all suitable for bivalve culture. In the twenty-first century, the scale of bivalve farming is constantly expanding, with increasing culture species and yield. Subsequently, with the promotion of seed breeding and artificial seed collection for mussels, scallops and oysters, the bivalve aquaculture industry has rapidly developed. The large-scale aquaculture started in the 1950s with the breakthrough in seed breeding techniques for Tegillarca granosa and Ruditapes philippinarum. The first record of shellfish culture in China, about oyster culture, can be tracked back to 2000 years ago. In 2015, bivalve production was about 12.4 million tonnes, accounting for more than 66% of China’s total mariculture production. Bivalve is the main species of mariculture in China.
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